In a recent study published within the journal PLOS ONE, a team of scientists from France investigated the association between depression, anxiety, endothelial function, and cognitive functions in young adults of each sexes.

Background

Mental health disorders equivalent to depression and anxiety have gotten more prevalent in society, and the frequency is considered higher amongst women than men.

Mental health disorders are also linked to deleterious physiological and cognitive changes, with longitudinal studies reporting an increasing risk of heart problems and cognitive impairments related to emotional disorders within the later stages of life. Nevertheless, the event of cognitive impairments as a result of emotional disorders stays poorly understood.

Recent studies have reported that individuals with depression and anxiety disorders have the next risk of cardiovascular diseases, which is independent of traditional risk aspects for heart problems. Moreover, impaired cardiovascular function related to emotional disorders is believed to mediate cognitive alterations.

Studies amongst older adults and adolescent females have shown that endothelial function, a marker for cardiovascular health, is altered in association with anxiety.

Other longitudinal studies have also indicated that heart problems amongst adults increases the danger of dementia and cognitive decline. Nevertheless, the inter-relationships between emotional disorders, cardiovascular health, and cognitive impairments remain unclear.

Concerning the study

In the current study, the team conducted an ancillary study to the Higher Life by Nutrition During Maturity (BELINDA) study and examined young adults of each sexes from the overall population to find out the association between emotional disorders, endothelial function, and cognitive functions.

Based on existing evidence, they hypothesized that prime levels of depression or anxiety can be linked to altered endothelial function and low cognitive scores.

The participants were young adults between the ages of 21 and 32, and individuals who were pregnant or breastfeeding, had been incarcerated, or were unable to offer informed consent were excluded from the study.

All participants underwent endothelial function measurements, neuropsychological assessments based on self-reported responses to questionnaires on depression and anxiety, and an evaluation of cognitive function.

Endothelial function was measured using peripheral pulse tonometry, where a plethysmographic device non-invasively measures the change in blood volume caused by transient forearm ischemia. The heartbeat wave amplitude changes were used to calculate the reactive hyperemia index, which was then normalized against the contralateral arm to account for the systemic neurovegetative vasomotor effect.

Two validated, self-reported questionnaires — the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory-II — were used to evaluate emotional disorders. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, which consists of validated neurocognitive tests to measure visuospatial memory, visuospatial working memory, and sustained attention.

The sex of the participants was transformed into binary data, and linear correlation analyses were used to research the association between depression, anxiety, endothelial function, and cognitive abilities. The analyses were conducted for the study population on the entire and individually for every sex.

Results

The outcomes suggested that anxiety was linked to a low reactive hyperemia index across sexes, indicating that emotional disorders directly impacted endothelial function.

Moreover, amongst females, depression scores were positively correlated to poor performance on visuospatial and dealing memory tasks. Nevertheless, amongst men, high levels of depression or anxiety were negatively correlated with performance on the visuospatial memory tasks.

Moreover, the association between reactive hyperemia index and cognitive function was insignificant, indicating that emotional disorders independently correlate to endothelial function and cognitive function.

Different associations based on sex between anxiety and depression and cognitive functions might be related to the differences between sexes in processing visuospatial memory. Moreover, the upper cognitive performance could also result from more anxious individuals overcompensating by being hyper-focused.

The anxiety questionnaire evaluated each state and trait anxieties, and it was found that in males, low endothelial function was linked to high-trait anxiety, but amongst women, poor endothelial function was linked to high state anxiety but not high trait anxiety.

While the outcomes reported no significant correlations between depression scores and endothelial function, other studies have shown that autonomic impairments in cases of depression with concomitant anxiety have been linked to nervous system disturbances.

Conclusions

To summarize, the findings indicated that anxiety was independently linked to poor performance in cognitive tasks and low endothelial function.

Moreover, the association between anxiety and cognitive impairments varied based on sex, with women with anxiety exhibiting lower performance on visuospatial memory tasks, however the converse is observed in men with anxiety. Depression scores didn’t have any significant correlations with endothelial function.

The general results suggested that anxiety is negatively but independently related to cardiovascular and cognitive functions amongst non-clinical populations of young adults. Nevertheless, further research is required to grasp the pathophysiological mechanisms of those associations.