A study from the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center uncovers a brand new mechanism to elucidate why some prostate tumors switch from a standard, treatable form to a more rare and aggressive type of prostate cancer.

Using tissue samples and cell models from patients, Joshi Alumkal, M.D., Wicha Family Professor of Oncology and leader of the genitourinary medical oncology section at Rogel, and his team zeroed in on the lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), a protein involved in turning genes on and off in normal and cancer cells that appears particularly necessary in certain aggressive types of prostate cancer. Further, they outlined a promising path to beat this deadly type of treatment-resistance: LSD1 inhibitors.

The findings are published in JCI Insight.

Most prostate tumors remain adenocarcinomas, or glandular tumors, after male-hormone lowering treatments-;the principal treatment for metastatic prostate cancers. But many undergo a deadly switch called lineage plasticity, where the tumor shifts from a glandular tumor to 1 with a nerve, or brain-like, make-up.

Researchers have a limited understanding of how prostate tumors undergo lineage plasticity, but once it happens, few treatment options exist.

Aggressive types of prostate cancer are on the rise as a work-around to a few of our newer, stronger hormonal treatments. Our prior work demonstrated that roughly 15-20% of patients whose tumors start growing despite newer hormonal treatments will lose the adenocarcinoma program and tackle other identities, including one called neuroendocrine prostate cancer.”

Joshi Alumkal, M.D., Wicha Family Professor of Oncology and leader of the genitourinary medical oncology section at Rogel

Patients with neuroendocrine prostate cancer fare much worse than patients whose tumors remain adenocarcinomas, and there are currently limited treatment options for these patients.

“Our laboratory is targeted on understanding how prostate tumors shift away from a glandular program and ways to dam this lineage switch,” said Alumkal, who also co-leads the Translational and Clinical Research Program at Rogel.

A promising countermeasure

For the past decade, Alumkal’s laboratory has been studying LSD1. He first showed that LSD1 was necessary for survival of prostate adenocarcinoma tumors by turning on genes which are linked with stem cells, primitive cells that give rise to multiple cell types and which are difficult to eradicate. Constructing on that, his team sought to find out whether LSD1 also plays a task in neuroendocrine prostate cancer.

The reply is yes.

By examining tissues from patients with metastatic prostate cancer, the team determined that LSD1 was more highly expressed in neuroendocrine prostate tumors than in adenocarcinoma tumors.

They used a method called RNA interference to remove LSD1 from neuroendocrine prostate cancer cells and located that the neuroendocrine prostate cancer models grew less well when LSD1 was absent, demonstrating LSD1’s importance for survival of those aggressive cells.

They then discovered that blocking LSD1’s interaction with other proteins was a more practical approach than blocking LSD1’s enzymatic function in neuroendocrine prostate cancer cells, consistent with their prior work in prostate adenocarcinoma tumors.

“Ultimately, we found that a category of drugs-;allosteric inhibitors-;that block protein-protein interactions was way more effective in stopping LSD1 and slowing the expansion of cancer cells,” said Anbarasu Kumaraswamy, Ph.D., the primary writer and post-doctoral fellow within the Alumkal Laboratory.

Uncovering how LSD1 functions in neuroendocrine prostate tumors led the team to find one other dimension to this protein: LSD1 turns off p53, a tumor suppressor gene that acts as a brake in cancer cells.

When the team examined how genes modified after LSD1 was inhibited, reactivation of p53 got here up repeatedly across all of the cell models. The team confirmed that LSD1 was turning off p53, stopping it from binding to the DNA. LSD1 inhibitors reactivated p53 and suppressed tumor growth. “That cell lines lacking p53 were less sensitive to LSD1 inhibition gives us strong clues concerning the importance of p53 reactivation for the anti-tumor effects of LSD1 inhibition,” Alumkal said.

The team tested LSD1 inhibitors in neuroendocrine prostate tumors implanted in mice. Considered one of the drugs tested, seclidemstat, is in a phase 1 clinical trial in sarcoma. In every case, seclidemstat blocked growth of the tumors, and in several tumors there was complete regression. Importantly, treatment was well-tolerated with no observed toxicities within the mice.

Alumkal says the research points toward LSD1 inhibition with this sort of drug as potentially useful for patients with neuroendocrine prostate cancer. “The undeniable fact that the drug we found is in clinical testing gives us hope that we’d find a way to develop clinical trials targeting LSD1 in aggressive prostate cancers within the near term,” he said. “These findings could also result in a more generalizable approach to reactivating p53 function in other cancers.”