In a recent study published within the journal Plants, researchers investigate the composition, antioxidant activity, flavonoid and polyphenol content, in addition to other properties of bergamot fiber powder. The researchers also determined the effect of bergamot fiber on an in vitro neurotoxicity model induced by amyloid beta protein.

Study: Protective role of an extract waste product from Citrus bergamia in an in vitro model of neurodegeneration. Image Credit: THALERNGSAK MONGKOLSIN / Shutterstock.com

Background

Recent nutrition research promotes the consumption of vegetables and fruits as a part of a balanced food plan to cut back the chance of varied chronic diseases. Nevertheless, the large-scale consumption of vegetables and fruits in various forms leads to the production of huge quantities of waste products.

The estimated quantity of citrus waste products produced worldwide is close to fifteen million tons annually. The bioactive content of those waste products necessitates an eco-friendly and responsible approach to disposal, which subsequently increases disposal costs.

Recent regulations for food waste management have created the concept of byproducts, from which more bioactive compounds might be derived. Notably, citrus waste incorporates bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-infective, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activity, all of which have applications in treating hypertension, cancer, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.

The citrus fruit Citrus bergamia or bergamot is grown in various regions throughout the world, including Italy, Antilles, Greece, and Canary Islands. It’s used widely within the Mediterranean food plan, in addition to for cosmetics and perfumes. It’s believed that the solid waste generated from the production of bergamot oil and juice incorporates quite a few bioactive compounds which have therapeutic properties.

In regards to the study

In the current study, researchers obtained bergamot oil, juice, and solid waste or “pastazzo” from bergamot harvested in February 2022 from the Bianco region of Italy. The solid waste was then ground, washed, and centrifuged to acquire a solid phase, which was then dried and powdered. A portion of this bergamot fiber powder was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to find out the bioactive content.

The oxygen radical absorbance capability was measured to find out the antioxidant activity of the bergamot fiber powder. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to estimate the whole phenolic content of bergamot fiber.

Moreover, the aluminum chloride-based colorimetric technique was utilized to find out the flavonoid content of the bergamot extract. The antioxidant activity of bergamot fiber was also measured using the two,20-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.

To judge the neuroprotective properties of the bergamot fiber powder, the researchers acquired and cultured human neurons and oligodendrocytes. These cells were subsequently treated with bergamot fiber powder and amyloid beta protein. Colorimetric assays were used to guage the proliferation of the cells, whereas the Trypan blue exclusion assay was used to find out cytotoxicity.

The reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in treated cells was measured using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCF-DA), where the cleaved H₂DCF binds to ROS and forms the fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF). The concentration of proteins within the extract was also measured, while the annexin V staining method was used to evaluate the style of cell death. Moreover, immunoblot assays and immunofluorescence techniques with antibodies against the amyloid beta protein were used to discover specific proteins.

Study findings

The bergamot fiber powder contained flavonoids and polyphenols with antioxidant properties. In reality, the bergamot fiber protein exhibited neuroprotective effects against amyloid beta protein damage while also preserving cell viability and stopping ROS accumulation, caspase-3 expression and involvement, and apoptotic or necrotic death. Notably, the oligodendrocytes seemed to be more fragile and sensitive than the neurons.

The results of increased concentrations of bergamot fiber powder were evaluated on neurons and oligodendrocytes. To this end, bergamot fiber fractions weren’t significantly toxic on the tested concentrations. Notably, even 10 µg/mL of bergamot fiber powder resulted in a major decrease in cell mortality of amyloid beta-treated cells.

The chromatography techniques also revealed the presence of melitidine, brutieridine, neoeriocitrine, naringin, neohesperidine, and other polyphenols which have shown protective effects against Alzheimer’s disease-related neurodegenerative pathology.

Conclusions

To researchers of the present study examined the bioactive compounds and protein content of bergamot fiber powder and evaluated its antioxidant properties and concentration-dependent effect in an in vitro neurodegenerative model. The study findings indicate that bergamot fiber powder provided significant protection against amyloid beta protein-induced apoptosis in neurons and oligodendrocytes.

The antioxidant properties of bergamot fiber must be further examined to find out its potential therapeutic applications against neurodegenerative conditions.